What does the 'chmod' command primarily affect?

• A. The execution of a script
• B. File and directory permissions
• C. The creation of symbolic links
• D. The performance of commands

Answer: (B)

The 'chmod' command is primarily used to change the permissions of files and directories in a Unix-like operating system. It allows users to define who can read, write, or execute a file or directory. The command operates on three types of users: the file owner, the group associated with the file, and all other users. By modifying these permissions, 'chmod' plays a critical role in managing access control and ensuring that sensitive information is protected according to the intended level of security.

This command does not directly influence the execution of scripts, the creation of symbolic links, or the overall performance of commands. While altering file permissions can indirectly impact script execution—if a script does not have execute permissions, it cannot be run—this is a secondary effect and not the primary purpose of 'chmod'. Its main function is focused squarely on file and directory permissions.